Bank runs bought down three regional lenders in the US earlier this year and the sector is poised for more consolidation ahead, warns Steven Meier, CIO and Deputy Comptroller for Asset Management at $233.5 billion New York City Retirement Systems (NYCRS).
Ever since the failure of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic, a growing number of other regional lenders are facing mounting risk from falling deposit rates and costly regulation. They are also unlikely and unwilling to make new loans, with profound implications for businesses.
A key reason behind mounting risk at regional US banks is the growing divergence between the Fed funds rate and interest rates on checking accounts, increasing the risk of bank deposit outflows. As interest rates track higher, saving account holders are moving their deposits out of banks to higher yielding T-bills.
“Any individual with money sitting in a checking account can move it to T-bills or a money market mutual fund for a 500-basis point pick up in yield. It is challenging for these banks as these deposits flow out,” said Meier speaking in a recent investment committee meeting.
“These banks are at risk of increased regulatory costs and increased deposit costs which equate to a lower net interest margin and lower profitability on the part of regional banks,” continued Meier. He highlighted the probability of around 30-odd banks including names like Western Alliance, Zion and First Horizon as likely candidates to “reorganize their balance sheets.”
Alongside questioning the ability of struggling regional banks’ ability to make money in the longer term, Meier flagged that the US economy is still “overbanked” indicative that further consolidation is coming down the line. In 1997 the US had around 13,000 banks compared to around 4000 today. “This is still high compared to global standards.”
Recession risk
Along with the likelihood of more regional bank failures, Meier warned that the US economy remains at risk of recession. Although the slope of the US yield curve has been inverted since 2022 and the economy still hasn’t dipped into recession, the warning signs that have predicted every downturn since 1969 continue to flash red.
“The 10-year treasury yield should trade at a premium, but two-year yields are above 10-year yields and this tells us that the market is pricing in a recession at some point in the future.”
Monetary policy acts with a long and variable lag, he warned. The most aggressive rate hiking in 40 years has tightened financial conditions that are still not fully felt through the economy.
He warned that the prospect of recession and tightening credit conditions will cause spreads to widen further .“We will see this in the coming months,” he said, adding that if the economy moves closer to recession, the number of defaults will spike.
Inflation in the US is still strong, primarily supported by resilient consumer spending and China reopening. And the signs that it will remain strong abound. Geopolitical trends around re-shoring, inflationary pressure in the transition and shortfalls in the labour market (although he noted signs that the US job market is slowing) all point to enduring inflation.
Positively, the board heard that for many investors cash is currently “a free lunch” that is both low risk and offers a high return. As such it is a meaningful contributor to active risk.
Factors to watch
Meier warned that in the aftermath of resolved US debt ceiling negotiations, trillions of treasury issuance will put pressure on bill rates, repo rates and other allocations. and said that although equity markets have had a healthy spate of late, the strong dollar is impacting returns on non-US equities. Private markets have seen excess returns at NYCERS although non-core real estate has underperformed.
He warned that public equity returns (NYCERS has around $21 billion invested in US equity) remain driven by a handful of big tech stocks including Apple, Meta, Microsoft and Tesla. This also means that NCYERS’ allocation to large cap stocks has outperformed small caps. “Apple’s market cap exceeds that of the entire Russell 2000 index – it’s quite remarkable.”
NYCERS portfolio has a low active risk level, and most of the fund’s performance comes from the market.
Following an amendment to New York state’s so-called basket clause legislation, NYCERS can increase its allocations to private markets to 35 per cent of assets under management, up 10 per cent. A scheduled review of its large and complex asset allocation across the five different plans with trustees and consultants will set new allocations.
